E
EBU- European Broadcasting Union.
ECC- See Error correction code.
ECC Constraint Length- The number of sectors that are interleaved to combat bursty error characteristics of discs. 16 sectors are interleaved in DVD. Interleaving takes advantage of typical disc defects such as scratch marks by spreading the error over a larger data area, thereby increasing the chance that the error correction codes can conceal the error.
ECD- Error-detection and correction code. See error-correction code.
ECMA- European Computer Manufacturers Association (see http://www.ecma.org).
ECMA-262- An ECMA standard that specifies the core JavaScript language, which is expected to be adopted shortly by the International Standards Organization (ISO) as ISO 16262. ECMA-262 is roughly equivalent to JavaScript 1.1.
EDC- See Error Detection Code.
edge enhancement- When films are transferred to video in preparation for DVD encoding, they are commonly run through digital processes that attempt to clean up the picture. These processes include noise reduction (DVNR) and image enhancement. Enhancement increases contrast (similar to the effect of the "sharpen" or "unsharp mask" filters in PhotoShop), but can tend to overdo areas of transition between light and dark or different colors, causing a "chiseled" look or a ringing effect like the haloes you see around street lights when driving in the rain. Video noise reduction is a good thing, when done well, since it can remove scratches, spots, and other defects from the original film. Enhancement, which is rarely done well, is a bad thing. The video may look sharper and clearer to the casual observer, but fine tonal details of the original picture are altered and lost.
EDS- Enhanced data services. Additional information in NTSC line such as a time signal.
EDTV- Enhanced-definition television. A system which uses existing transmission equipment to send an enhanced signal which looks the same on existing receivers but carries additional information to improve the picture quality on new enhanced receivers. PALPlus is an example of EDTV. (Contrast with HDTV and IDTV.)
EFM- Eight-to-fourteen modulation. This low-level and very critical channel coding technique maximizes pit sizes on the disc by reducing frequent transitions from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. CD represents 1's as Land-pit transitions along the track. The 8/14 code maps 8 user data bits into 14 channel bits in order to avoid single 1's and 0's, which would otherwise require replication to reproduce extremely small artifacts on the disc. In the 1982 compact disc standard (IEC 908 standard), 3 merge bits are added to the 14 bit block to further eliminate 1-0 or 0-1 transitions between adjacent 8/14 blocks.
EFM Plus- DVD's EFM+ method is a derivative of EFM. It folds the merge bits into the main 8/16 table. EFM+ may be covered by U.S. Patent 5,206,646.
EIA- Electronics Industry Association.
E-IDE- Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics. Extensions to the IDE standard providing faster data transfer and allowing access to larger drives, including CD-ROM and tape drives, using ATAPI. E-IDE was adopted as a standard by ANSI in 1994. ANSI calls it Advanced Technology Attachment-2 (ATA-2) or Fast ATA.
elementary stream- A general term for a coded bitstream such as audio or video. Elementary streams are made up of packs of packets.
emulate- To test the function of a DVD disc on a computer after formatting a complete disc image.
encode- To transform data for storage or transmission, usually in such a way that redundancies are eliminated or complexity is reduced. Most compression is based on one or more encoding methods. Data such as audio or video is encoded for efficient storage or transmission and is decoded for access or display.
encoder- 1) A circuit or program that encodes (and thereby compresses) audio or video; 2) a circuit that converts component digital video to composite analog video. DVD players include TV encoders to generate standard television signals from decoded video and audio; 3) a circuit that converts multichannel audio to two-channel matrixed audio.
Enhanced CD- A general term for various techniques that add computer software to a music CD, producing a disc which can be played in a music player or read by a computer. Also called CD Extra, CD Plus, hybrid CD, interactive music CD, mixed-mode CD, pre-gap CD, or track-zero CD.
entropy coding- Variable-length, lossless coding of a digital signal to reduce redundancy. MPEG-2, DTS and Dolby Digital apply entropy coding after the quantization step. MLP also uses entropy coding.
EQ- Equalization of audio.
error-correction code- Additional information added to data to allow errors to be detected and possibly corrected.
Error Detection Code (EDC)- A 32-bit (4 byte) CRC-like code appended at the end of a DVD data sector.
ETSI- European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
Extent- (1) For the volume structure and the ISO 9660 file structure, an extent is defined as a set of logical sectors, the logical sector numbers of which form a continuous ascending sequence. The address, or location, of an extent is the number of the first logical sector in the sequence. (2) For the UDF file structure an extent is defined as a set of logical blocks, the logical block numbers of which form a continuous ascending sequence. The address, or location, of an extent is the number of the first logical block in the sequence.
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